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- A micropaleontologist measures oxygen isotope ratios in foraminifera shells. The δ¹⁸O value increases by 0.5‰ per 1°C drop in ocean temperature. If a sample shows a δ¹⁸O increase of 2.4‰ compared to modern levels, what was the approximate temperature decrease?
- Temperature change = δ¹⁸O change / rate = 2.4 / 0.5 = <<2.4/0.5=4.8>>4.8°C.
- A quantum algorithm uses Grover’s search on a database of 1024 entries. Approximately how many iterations are needed to find the target entry with high probability? (Grover’s algorithm requires √N iterations.)
- A bioinformatician applies a quality filter to sequencing data, removing reads with a Phred score below 30. If 1 in every 1000 reads fails this filter, and 5 million reads are processed, how many reads pass the quality threshold?
- Number of reads failing = 5,000,000 / 1000 = <<5000000/1000=5000>>5000.
- Number passing = 5,000,000 – 5,000 = <<5000000-5000=4995000>>4,995,000.